Indonesia’s newly signed free trade agreement with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) arrives at an uncertain moment: not because of tariffs, but because of Russia itself. As the bloc’s economic center of gravity faces mounting structural pressures, the effectiveness of tariff liberalisation becomes less a question of access—and more a question of demand.

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A crisis in the Strait of Hormuz rarely stays in the Persian Gulf. It quickly travels across the Indian Ocean toward another chokepoint thousands of kilometres away: the Strait of Malacca.

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Carbon trading refers to the exchange of carbon credits, allowing entities that exceed prescribed emissions limits to purchase allowances. Each carbon credit grants a company permission to emit a specified quantity of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases during production activities. One credit typically corresponds to the reduction of one metric ton of CO₂ emissions.

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This article discusses how a green investment framework between Indonesia and Nordic countries can complement one another, and what policy challenges will necessitate deeper attention to ensure the Nordic-Indonesia green investment cooperation creates tangible results.

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